Robust optimization improved target coverage with less lung-dose penalty than margin expansion, while density override was particularly useful for solid tumors.
Robust photon planning usually improved uncertainty-resistant target coverage, but modelling, evaluation, and reporting varied substantially across the literature.
SFUD and robust IMPT maintained target coverage under uncertainty, while IMPT modestly reduced rectal and bladder dose.
In ten paraspinal chordoma plans, direct cord robust optimization improved coverage and robustness while maintaining acceptable spinal cord doses.
Robust optimization preserved target coverage while reducing lung, heart, esophageal, spinal cord, and estimated immune-cell dose during long-course lung radiotherapy.